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Kennewick Man is the name generally given to the skeletal remains of a prehistoric Paleoamerican man found on a bank of the Columbia River in Kennewick, Washington, on July 28, 1996.〔 It is one of the most complete ancient skeletons ever found. Radiocarbon tests on bone have shown it to date from 8.9k to 9k cal years B.P.〔(Douglas Preston, "The Kennewick Man Finally Freed to Share His Secrets" ), ''Smithsonian Magazine'', September 2014〕 The discovery of the remains led to considerable controversy, as the Umatilla people and other tribes have wanted the remains returned to them for reburial under NAGPRA, the federal Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act. The law was designed to remedy long-standing wrongs done to tribes, and facilitate the return of human remains and cultural objects unlawfully obtained taken from them. In this case, the archeologist who discovered the bones, James Chatters and Douglas Owsley an archeologist at the Smithsonian, both asserted that the bones were unrelated to today's Native Americans, and instead had features that more closely resembled Polynesian or Southeast Asian peoples — a finding that would exempt the bones from NAGPRA. Kennewick Man then became the focus of a controversial nine-year court case between the US Army Corps of Engineers, scientists, and Native American tribes who claimed ownership of the remains. Under NAGPRA, the tribes would typically maintain the right to rebury the remains of Kennewick Man, and to refuse to allow scientific study of the man they referred to as "the Ancient One". The US Army Corps of Engineers, who oversaw the land where the remains were found, agreed to comply with the requests of the tribes. Before the transfer could be made, Owsley, along with seven other anthropologists, including Smithsonian colleague Dennis Stanford, filed a lawsuit asserting the right to study the skeleton. In February 2004, the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit ruled that a cultural link between any of the Native American tribes and the Kennewick Man could not be proved because of the age of the remains. Its ruling allowed scientific study of the remains to continue, while the USACE retained custody of the remains.〔〔 In July 2005, a team of scientists from around the United States convened in Seattle for 16 days to study the remains in detail. Their research results were published in 2014 in ''Kennewick Man: The Scientific Investigation of an Ancient American Skeleton'' edited by Douglas Owsley and Richard Jantz.〔("New Book on Kennewick Man Details Hard Life in Paleoamerica" ), National Museum of Natural History, USA, 08/25/2014〕〔 In June 2015, scientists at the University of Copenhagen in Denmark determined through DNA from 8,500‑year-old bones that the Kennewick Man is in fact related to contemporary Native Americans, including those from the region where his bones were found.〔http://www.oregonlive.com/pacific-northwest-news/index.ssf/2015/01/first_dna_tests_say_kennewick.html〕 The international team of scientists had confirmed this finding to the Army Corps of Engineers as far back as 2013.〔 Chatters, the discoverer of the bones, had long changed his mind after finding similar skull shapes among confirmed ancestors of Native Americans.〔 The results did not surprise scientists who study the genetics of ancient people, as almost all Paleoamericans "have shown strong genetic ties with modern Native Americans".〔 Analysis showed that the Kennewick Man is “very closely related to the Colville" tribe in northeast Washington.〔http://seattle.cbslocal.com/2015/06/19/ancient-skeleton-native-americans/〕 The results were published in ''Nature'' magazine.〔http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vnfv/ncurrent/full/nature14625.html〕 Public officials such as governor Inslee and senator Murray have since called on the Corps of Engineers, who retained possession of the Kennewick Man, to return the remains to Native American tribes.〔http://www.opb.org/news/article/inslee-asks-army-corps-to-return-kennewick-man-to-tribes/〕〔http://www.tri-cityherald.com/news/local/article32235597.html〕 == Discovery == The discovery of the Kennewick Man was accidental. Will Thomas and David Deacy were attending the annual hydroplane races, and found his skull in a reservoir on the Columbia River at Columbia Park 〔 The remains had been scattered in the reservoir due to erosion. Following delivery of the cranium by the coroner, they were examined by archaeologist James Chatters. In ten visits to the site, Chatters managed to collect 350 bones and pieces of bone, which, with the skull, completed almost an entire skeleton.〔 The cranium was fully intact with all the teeth that had been present at the time of death.〔 All major bones were found, except the sternum and a few bones of the hands and feet. Many of the bones were broken into several pieces.〔 After studying the bones, Chatters concluded that they belonged to "a male of late middle age (40-55 years), and tall (170 to 176 cm, 5′7″ to 5′9″), and was fairly muscular with a slender build". The initial race identification was Caucasoid.〔 A small bone fragment was submitted to the University of California, Riverside, for radiocarbon dating. This indicated the age of the skeleton at approximately 9,300 to 9,600 years (8,400 uncalibrated "radiocarbon years"), not the 19th century, as had originally been assumed.〔 Subsequent radiocarbon dating indicates a somewhat younger age of 8.9k to 9k cal years BP.〔〔Douglas Preston, "The Kennewick Man Finally Freed to Share His Secrets", Smithsonian Magazine, September 2014〕 Chatters found that bone had partially grown around a stone projectile lodged in the ilium, part of the pelvic bone.〔 On X-ray, nothing appeared. Chatters put the bone through a CT scan, and it was discovered that the projectile was made from a siliceous gray stone that was found to have igneous (intrusive or volcanic) origins.〔 The projectile, leaf-shaped, long, and broad, with serrated edges, fit the definition of a Cascade point. This type of point is a feature of the Cascade phase, which occurred roughly 7,500 to 12,000 years BP.〔 To further investigate the mystery of the Kennewick man and determine whether the skeleton belonged to the Umatilla Native American tribe, an extraction of DNA was analyzed. However, according to the report of the scientists performing the DNA analysis, "available technology and protocols do not allow the analysis of ancient DNA from these remains". Forensic anthropologist Douglas Owsley, who later led the scientific team that examined Kennewick Man's skeleton in 2005, discovered that the bones in Kennewick Man's arms were bent. Owsley theorized that this was the result of muscles built up over the course of a lifetime of hunting and spearfishing.〔Annual Editions: Archaeology, 10th Edition〕 The Kennewick Man was found to be clearly right-handed, as the bones of the right arm are noticeably larger than the bones found in Kennewick Man's left arm. Chatters ''et al.'' conducted a graphic comparison, including size, of Kennewick Man to eighteen modern populations and showed Kennewick Man to be most closely related to the Ainu. However, when size was excluded as a factor, no association to any population was established.〔 Chatters said that anthropologist C. Loring Brace classified Ainu and Polynesians as a single craniofacial Jomon-Pacific cluster and Chatters said "Polynesians have craniofacial similarities to Asian, Australian and European peoples".〔James C. Chatters. (2001). Ancient Encounters: Kennewick Man and the First Americans. Touchstone Rockefeller Center. USA.〕 Brace himself stated in a 2006 interview with the Tri-City Herald that his analysis of the skeleton indicated that the Kennewick Man was related to the Ainu. Anthropologist Joseph Powell of the University of New Mexico was also allowed to examine the remains. Powell used craniometric data obtained by anthropologist William White Howells of Harvard University and anthropologist Tsunehiko Hanihara of Saga University that had the advantage of including data drawn from Asian and North American populations.〔 Powell said that Kennewick Man was not European but most resembled the Ainu〔 and Polynesians.〔 Powell said that the Ainu descend from the Jōmon people who are an East Asian population with "closest biological affinity with south-east Asians rather than western Eurasian peoples".〔Powell, Joseph F.; Rose, Jerome C. Chapter 2 (Report on the Osteological Assessment of the Kennewick Man Skeleton ) (CENWW.97.Kennewick). Retrieved September 10, 2011.〕 Furthermore, Powell said that dental analysis showed the skull to have a 94-percent consistency with being of a Sundadont group like the Ainu and Polynesians and only a 48-percent consistency with being of a Sinodont group like that of North Asia.〔 Powell said analysis of the skull showed it to be "unlike American Indians and Europeans".〔 Powell concluded that the Kennewick man "is clearly not a Caucasoid unless Ainu and Polynesians are considered Caucasoid".〔 The biological diversity among ancient skulls in the Americas has further complicated attempts to establish how closely the Kennewick Man is related to any modern Native American tribes.〔 Skulls older than 8,000 years old have been found to possess greater physical diversity than do those of modern Native Americans. The origin of that diversity, whether due to different lineages or local adaptation, is a matter of debate. In 2005, a 10-day examination of the skeleton, led by forensic anthropologist Douglas Owsley, revealed that the Kennewick Man had arthritis in his right elbow, both of his knees, and within several of his vertebrae, although not severe enough to be crippling. Owsley discovered that the Kennewick Man had also suffered some trauma in his lifetime, which was evident by a fractured rib that had healed, a depression fracture on Kennewick Man's forehead and similar indentation on the left side of the head, and a spear jab that healed. Despite earlier theories regarding the Kennewick Man's age, the Owsley team thinks he may have been as young as 38 at the time of death.〔 The Kennewick Man was found to have been deliberately buried. By examining the calcium carbonate left behind as underground water collected on the underside of the bones and then evaporated, scientists were able to conclude that the Kennewick Man was lying on his back with his feet rolled slightly outward and his arms at his side, with the palms facing down — a position that could hardly have come about by accident.〔 The findings of the study team convened under Owsley have been published in ''Kennewick Man, The Scientific Investigation of an Ancient American Skeleton'' (Douglas W. Owsley and Richard L. Jantz, editors).〔Kennewick Man, The Scientific Investigation of an Ancient American Skeleton, edited by Douglas W. Owsley and Richard L. Jantz, 680 pp. Texas A&M University Press, 2014. ISBN 978-1-62349-200-7.〕 In it, multiple disciplines including forensic anthropology, physical anthropology, and isotope chemistry are used to reconstruct the life history and heritage of that individual. Measurements of carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen isotope ratios in the bone collagen indicate that the man lived almost exclusively on a diet of marine mammals for the last 20 or so years of his life and that the water he drank was glacial melt water. The closest marine coastal environment where one could find glacial melt water at the time of Kennewick Man was Alaska. That combined with the location of the find led to the conclusion that the individual led a highly mobile, water-borne lifestyle centered on the northern coast. Craniofacial measurements of the skull were found to resemble those of the Ainu, descendants of the Jōmon aboriginals of Japan. The Jōmon and Kennewick Man are thought by the authors to share common ancestors among seafaring peoples of coastal Asia with similar craniofacial characteristics.〔 In June 2015, new results of DNA analysis were announced which suggest that the Kennewick Man is more closely related to modern Native Americans than to any other living population. He was particularly close to the Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation, the only one of the five tribes who originally claimed Kennewick Man as an ancestor who donated DNA samples for comparison; however, due to lack of genomes from North American aboriginal populations it was impossible to actually identify his nearest living relatives. His Y-DNA haplogroup is Q-M3 and his mitochondrial DNA is X2a, both uniparental genetic markers found almost exclusively in Native Americans.〔http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-33170655〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Kennewick Man」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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